Diabetes Distress and Self-Reported Health in a Sample of Alabama Medicaid-Covered Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Temporary closures of outpatient health facilities and transitions to virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the care of millions of patients with diabetes contributing to worsening psychosocial factors and enhanced difficulty in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. We explored associations between COVID time period and self-reported diabetes distress on self-reported health among a sample of Alabama Medicaid-covered adults with diabetes pre-COVID (2017-2019) and during-COVID (2020-2021).

Method: In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed a population-based sample of adults with type 2 diabetes covered by the Alabama Medicaid Agency. Participants were dichotomized into pre-COVID (March 2017 to October 2019) vs during-COVID (October 2020 to May 2021) groups. Participants with missing data were removed from analyses. We assessed diabetes related stress by the Diabetes Distress Scale. We measured self-reported health using a single item with a 5-point Likert scale. We ran logistic regressions modeling COVID time period on self-reported poor health controlling for demographics, severity of diabetes, and diabetes distress.

Results: In this sample of 1822 individuals, median age was 54, 74.5% were female and 59.4% were Black. Compared to pre-COVID participants, participants surveyed during COVID were younger, more likely to be Black (64.1% VS 58.2%, p=0.01) and female (81.8% VS 72.5%, p<0.001). This group also had fewer individuals from rural areas (29.2% VS 38.4%, p<0.001), and shorter diabetes duration (7 years VS 9 years, p<0.001). During COVID individuals reported modestly lower levels of diabetes distress (1.2 VS 1.4, p<0.001) when compared to the pre-COVID group. After adjusting for demographic differences, diabetes severity, and diabetes distress, participants responding during COVID had increased odds of reporting poor health (Odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.11-1.80).

Discussion: We found respondents were more likely to report poorer health during COVID compared to pre-COVID. These results suggest that increased outreach may be needed to address diabetes management for vulnerable groups, many of whom were already at high risk for poor outcomes prior to the pandemic.