Temperature and Elementary Carriers of Heat

The experimentally determined temperature of a substance is a comparative value relative to the
extensive property of another system (thermometers, thermocouples, etc.) taken as the initial
measurement standard or reference point. Therefore, the concept of temperature, which we face at
first glance seems to be a very simple value, but in fact it is a complex parameter that characterizes
the state of the system at the same time on the micro-and macroscopic formations. When considering
the properties of substances at the macro level, as a rule, there are many difficulties with the
interpretation of micro-phenomena, which is due to the lack of understanding and specific ideas about
micro-objects. In turn, micro-objects are constituent elements of macro-objects. This leads to an
incomplete understanding of the processes occurring in macro objects. Meanwhile, the micromacroscopic
properties of substances are manifested at the same time and are combined by
quantitative and qualitative characteristics: The amount of internal energy, temperature, mole,
Planck’s, Boltzmann’s constants etc. At the same time, the value of temperature, which is estimated
by comparing extensive properties of measuring instruments is considered the result of the chaotic
motion of molecules of system as stated in statistical physics. This work reveals the physical meaning
of the concept "temperature" and describes the nature of elementary carriers of heat and its
relationship to temperature. The calculated energy of the portable "theplotron" and the mass of
photons and "theplotron", which represent a kind of "electromagnetic particles". These particles take
part in the implementation of the Coulomb electric interaction and prevents annihilation; are in
combination with electrons and the nature of their motion determines the thermal, optical, magnetic,
electrical and other properties. The frequency of pulsations of "electromagnetic particles" determines
the physical meaning of the temperature and the internal pressure of the system. The pulsation of the
particles creates a standing wave, and their directed collective motion in a free form represents a
seeming traveling wave which is taken as an "electromagnetic wave".